For the very first time since the start of its serial production, South Korea’s KF-21 Boramae fighter jet has showcased its extended reach capabilities. Footage aired by South Korean media networks captured the captivating moment a KC-330 tanker aircraft successfully refuels the KF-21 mid-flight.

This critical test took place over the scenic southern coast of South Korea, with the KF-21 jet launching from the Sacheon Air Force Base. This exciting milestone wasn’t only news for the media; the Defense Acquisition Program Administration [DAPA] also confirmed it officially. “An extraordinary breakthrough!” is how the South Korean media praised the triumphant KF-21.

In their announcement, DAPA underscored the crucial role of such refueling capabilities for modern fighter jets, elucidating on the extended operational range of the KF-21 and its increased mission duration potential. But there’s more ahead, as DAPA plans to delve deeper into assessing the jet’s refueling efficiency under different speed and altitude conditions.

The process
Refueling a fighter jet mid-air, commonly known as aerial refueling, is a complicated and rigorous process demanding precision, coordination, and proficiency. The process involves the transfer of aviation fuel from one military aircraft [the tanker] to another [the receiver] during flight.

This procedure initiates the establishment of communication and synchronization of flight paths between the tanker and receiver aircraft. Following this, the tanker deploys a refueling boom or drogue, which comprises a flexible hose with a stabilizing ‘basket’ at the end. The receiver aircraft is then required to expertly maneuver its refueling probe into the drogue.

Upon successful connection, fuel is pumped from the tanker to the receiving aircraft. This entire operation mandates the pilots of both aircraft to maintain an extremely precise formation, often at high speeds and, at times, under challenging weather conditions.

Several wrong things
Several things can potentially go wrong during aerial refueling. One of the most common issues is a failure to connect the refueling probe and drogue, which may stem from turbulence, pilot error, or equipment malfunction. This predicament could potentially result in a dangerous fuel spill.

Another potential issue is the risk of collision between the two aircraft. Such a situation can occur if either the pilot veers out of control or there is a sudden and unforeseen change in weather conditions. Given the close proximity of the aircraft during refueling, this poses a significant risk.

Lastly, there is also the ever-present risk of mechanical failure. The refueling equipment on both the tanker and receiver aircraft is intricate and hence, prone to malfunction. This can lead to an inability to successfully transfer fuel, or in the most severe cases, even a fire.

In conclusion, while aerial refueling is an integral part and a vital capability of modern military operations, it is a complex and risky procedure that demands an exceptional level of skill and precision from both pilots and ground support crews.

The KAI’s aircraft
The KF-21 Boramae, also known as the KF-X, is a next-generation multi-role fighter aircraft developed by South Korea. It’s a product of Korea Aerospace Industries [KAI], in collaboration with Indonesia. The name ‘Boramae’ translates to ‘young hawk trained for hunting’ in Korean, signifying the aircraft’s agility and power.

The KF-21 Boramae is approximately 16.9 meters in length, with a wingspan of 11 meters and a height of 4.7 meters. Its maximum takeoff weight is around 25,600 kilograms. The aircraft was designed with a twin-engine configuration, enhancing its speed and performance.

Technically, the KF-21 is equipped with advanced avionics and stealth features. It is powered by two General Electric F414-GE-400K engines, each providing a maximum thrust of 22,000 pounds. This enables the aircraft to reach a maximum speed of Mach 1.81, a combat radius of 740 kilometers, and a ferry range of 2,900 kilometers.

Stealth and armament
The aircraft’s stealth capabilities are enhanced by its design features, which include a low radar cross-section and the use of radar-absorbent materials. It is equipped with an Active Electronically Scanned Array [AESA] radar, contributing to its improved detection and tracking abilities.

As regards armament, the KF-21 Boramae is equipped with a wide array of weapons for both air-to-air and air-to-ground combat. It houses a 20mm M61A1 Vulcan cannon for close combat and can carry AIM-120 AMRAAM, AIM-9 Sidewinder, and indigenous Taurus KEPD 350K-2 missiles. Moreover, it can accommodate a variety of bombs including the GBU-31 JDAM and GBU-38 JDAM.

The KF-21 Boramae is engineered to be a versatile aircraft, capable of executing a variety of missions. It can be utilized in air superiority, ground assault, and reconnaissance roles. Its advanced systems and capabilities make it a crucial addition to the air forces of South Korea and Indonesia.

Significant developments
Major strides in the Korean aerospace sector are evident, particularly through the impressive achievement of successful in-flight refueling for the KF-21 — a fighter jet proudly made in Korea. This progress was unveiled to the world at the Seoul International Aerospace & Defense Exhibition, showcasing Korea’s burgeoning capabilities in aerospace technology. The magnitude of this pioneering step was acknowledged by the nation’s primary arms procurement authority, the Defense Acquisition Program Administration [DAPA], thus underlining Korea’s increasing defense expertise.

However, despite the festive atmosphere surrounding advancements in aircraft technology, we must not overlook the significant challenges confronting the sector. Factors such as unpredictable disruptions in supply chains, rising costs, and the persistent demand for new innovations pose considerable challenges to defense projects. Moreover, partnerships — like the complex one formed between South Korea and Indonesia over the KF-21 project — require delicate diplomatic and financial negotiations. These conditions could potentially delay project timelines.